In the use of dust-free workshop, in addition to understanding the management system of dust-free workshop, we must also know how to control the humidity of dust-free workshop. The temperature and humidity of dust-free workshop are mainly determined according to process requirements, but under the condition of meeting process requirements, people's comfort should be considered. Therefore, we need to take effective solutions to the situation of high humidity in dust-free workshop.
How to reduce the high humidity in the dust-free workshop:
High humidity actually reduces the accumulation of static charge on the surface of the dust-free workshop and clean room. Lower humidity is more suitable for the accumulation of charge and becomes a potentially destructive source of static discharge. When the relative humidity exceeds 50%, the static charge begins to dissipate rapidly, but when the relative humidity is less than 30%, it can persist for a long time on an insulator or ungrounded surface. Therefore, in an environment with high relative humidity, the capillary force of concentrated water forms a connection bond between the particles and the surface, which can increase the adhesion of the particles to the siliceous surface. It is not important when the relative humidity is less than 50%, but when the relative humidity is around 70%, it becomes the main force for adhesion between particles.
Solutions to high humidity in dust-free workshops:
1. Increase dehumidification and drying: Add a dehumidifier in the clean workshop to increase the dryness of the workshop, and add it in the air conditioning duct during installation.
2. Seal equipment: Seal the equipment that may be affected as much as possible to reduce the impact of the humid environment in the workshop to achieve the purpose of safe storage.
3. Maintain ventilation: Ventilation can form convection of air inside and outside the workshop. When the temperature difference between inside and outside the workshop is greater, the air will flow faster, and the dehumidification effect on the workshop will naturally be more significant.
4. Moisture absorption in the workshop: In the rainy season or rainy days, when the humidity in the workshop is too high and it is not suitable for product storage, and the humidity outside the workshop is too high, it is not suitable for ventilation and moisture dissipation. You can use moisture absorption in the sealed warehouse to reduce the humidity in the warehouse.
In view of the problem of excessive humidity in the dust-free workshop, the use of a comprehensive solution can effectively improve the control ability of the workshop environment. Strengthening ventilation, using dehumidification equipment, controlling temperature, managing materials and strengthening monitoring are all important measures to ensure the stability of humidity in the dust-free workshop. Through these methods, the smooth progress of the production process can be ensured and the quality and safety of the products can be maintained.
Clean rooms can provide a relatively dust-free and sterile environment to ensure product quality and protect personnel health. They are suitable for various high-demand scientific research, production and manufacturing fields, the most common of which are semiconductors, biomedicine and other fields.
In clean rooms, plate type primary filters are a common purification process equipment, and their structure mainly includes outer frame, filter material and protective net. The outer frame is usually made of paper frame, aluminum alloy frame, galvanized iron frame or stainless steel frame. The filter material is made of non-woven fabric, nylon mesh, activated carbon filter cotton, metal mesh and other materials. The protective net has two types: double-sided plastic-sprayed wire mesh and double-sided galvanized wire mesh, which can be selected according to actual needs.
In general, the design features of clean room plate type primary filters are as follows:
1. The folding primary filter adopts a welded wire mesh, which is treated with surface anti-rust and can effectively fix the linear pleated structure.
2. The galvanized iron mesh of the primary filter is attached to the air outlet surface of the filter material, which can protect the filter material from being blown and deformed due to excessive wind pressure, ensuring that all filter material surfaces can be fully utilized.
3. The primary filter adopts a gradient structure, providing a larger filtration area. The filtration area of the folded filter is 5 times that of the general flat filter.
4. The primary filter can use ordinary or moisture-proof paper frames to reduce costs. After use, the paper frame filter can be incinerated, which is pollution-free and meets environmental protection requirements.
5. The folded primary filter has a variety of filtration efficiencies to choose from, generally G1-G4.
The clean room plate primary filter is mainly used for primary filtration of fresh air and air conditioning systems, effectively filtering particles, dust and various suspended solids above 5.0μm. It can be used as a primary filter for air intake and exhaust devices, and can be used for primary or intermediate filtration of air conditioning filtration systems. This filter is widely used in ventilation and air conditioning systems of large civil buildings such as office buildings, hospitals, shopping malls, gymnasiums, and airports. When used with medium efficiency filters, it can effectively protect expensive high efficiency or ultra-high efficiency filters.
Through its unique design features and application areas, clean room plate type primary filter can effectively improve air quality, which is of great significance for protecting people's health and comfort.
From October 23rd to 25th, KLC will appear at BIO EXPO 2024 with innovative filters and clean room equipment, participating in the grand event with biotechnology and clean room elites from around the world. This event not only provided KLC with a platform to showcase its innovative achievements, but also opened a new chapter of in-depth exchanges and cooperation with Turkish and even international counterparts.
This new concept of “Life Sciences 2024 Exhibitions of Turkey” includes 4 industries and 4 special exhibitions in one hand: Analytech 2024, Cleanroom 2024, Pharmanext 2024 and Biotecnica 2024 Exhibitions organized at the same time, in the same venue in order to create “ synergy” and “absolute concentration”.
At the exhibition, KLC's booth attracted the attention of many visitors. We showcased a variety of cutting-edge filters and clean equipment, covering solutions for multiple industries such as medical, pharmaceutical, food and electronics. Our products are known for their efficient filtration performance and excellent clean room control systems, winning high recognition from customers.
This exhibition provides a good platform for KLC to interact with industry partners and potential customers. Our professional team conducted in-depth technical exchanges with participants and shared the latest market trends, product innovations and visions for future development. Attendees showed strong interest in our high-efficiency filtration solutions and provided many case discussions on specific applications.
This exhibition provides KLC with a platform to showcase its strength and seek cooperation opportunities. In the future, we will continue to focus on developing more efficient and energy-saving filters and cleaning equipment to provide customers with first-class solutions. We look forward to working with all industry partners to jointly promote the development of clean technology.
Thank you to all friends who visited the KLC booth at the BIOEXPO exhibition. We look forward to establishing closer contact with you in the days to come and creating a better tomorrow in the clean field!
The commonly used functional room configurations for microbial testing in medical device production include: sterile room, microbial room and positive room. They are important facilities mainly used to ensure the sterile environment and microbial control in the production process of medical devices.
01. Functions of each laboratory
1) Sterile room: mainly used for resuscitation and propagation of bacterial strains, sterility testing of samples and other tests.
2) Microbial room: mainly provides a relatively clean environment for testing. The experimental content is mainly limit inspection, that is, testing the bacterial content in a specified amount of sample.
3) Positive room: mainly used for positive control, such as effect verification, bacterial species identification and other tests or tests that require the addition of bacteria. The samples in the positive room basically need to be added with bacteria (such as the bactericidal effect of the bactericidal agent, a certain amount of bacterial solution must be added to the bactericidal agent to verify the bactericidal effectiveness).
02. Laboratory requirements
Microbial room
(1) Cleanliness requirements: The cleanliness requirement of the microbial room is Class C.
(2) Pressure difference requirements: The static pressure difference between adjacent rooms with different positive pressure and air cleanliness levels should be greater than 5Pa, and the static pressure difference between the clean room and the outdoor atmosphere should be greater than 10Pa.
(3) Area requirements: Generally, it is an independent room of 4-10 square meters.
(4) Main equipment equipped: culture medium, incubator, microscope and other experimental equipment, clean bench (or isolator).
(5) Indoor temperature and humidity are controlled at 18-26℃, 40-60%.
Aseptic room:
(1) Cleanliness requirements: The cleanliness requirement of the aseptic room is Class C, and the cleanliness of the operation area must reach Class A or a clean bench of the same level should be placed.
(2) Pressure difference requirements: The static pressure difference between adjacent rooms with different positive pressure and air cleanliness levels should be greater than 5Pa, and the static pressure difference between the clean room and the outdoor atmosphere should be greater than 10Pa.
(3) Area requirements: Generally, it is an independent room of 4-10 square meters.
(4) Main equipment equipped: clean bench (or biological safety cabinet).
(5) Sterile laboratories need good lighting, avoid humidity, and be far away from toilets and contaminated areas. A buffer room should be set up outside the sterile room, with staggered door directions to prevent airflow from bringing in bacteria.
(6) Indoor temperature and humidity should be controlled at 18-26℃, 40-60%.
Positive room:
(1) Cleanliness requirements: The cleanliness requirement for the positive room is Class C
(2) Pressure difference requirements: The positive room is at negative pressure relative to the buffer room, generally ≥5Pa. The first shift should maintain positive pressure for changing shoes, the second shift should maintain a positive pressure of no less than 10Pa for the first shift, and the positive control room should maintain a relative negative pressure relative to the buffer room.
(3) Area requirements: Generally, it is an independent room of 4-10 square meters.
(4) Main equipment: biological safety cabinet (there are also vertical laminar flow workbenches).
(5) The first shift, second shift, buffer room, and positive control room can use a purification air supply system. This system is a fresh air system and the air cannot be recycled. Exhaust air can be discharged directly to the outside, but it must be filtered by high efficiency before being discharged to the outside.
(6) Indoor temperature and humidity are controlled at 18-26℃, 40-60%.
03. Other requirements
(1) Sterile laboratories, microbiological laboratories, and positive laboratories should be separated from each other. Because the samples in the microbiological room may contain bacteria, while the samples in the positive room basically need to be added with bacteria. Therefore, the microbiological room and the positive room cannot be mixed. If conditions permit, they need to be built separately. Otherwise, false positives will appear when doing limit tests in the positive room, and bacterial tests in the microbiological room will pollute the environment of the microbiological room.
(2) The microbiological room is not for sterile testing. Sterility testing should be performed in a separate sterile room.
(3) The laboratory should also have supporting preparation areas, culture areas, disinfection areas and other auxiliary rooms.
(4) Whether it is a microbiological room, a positive room or a sterile room, the common characteristics of these rooms are that the floors and walls are smooth and hard after decoration, and the instruments and equipment are simply arranged, which is easy to clean.
(5) Microbiological rooms, positive rooms and sterile rooms must take necessary disinfection measures to ensure that the laboratory clean conditions are qualified, such as setting the ultraviolet sterilization lamp to 2~2.5W/square meter.
(6) The laboratory should provide sufficient illumination according to production requirements. The illumination value should not be lower than 300LX.
The construction of the laboratory must follow the principle of coexistence of safety and economy, especially the construction of biosafety experimental sites, which should be considered from the perspective of biosafety and the possible impact of cross-contamination on experimental results, to ensure that the unidirectional air flow area, work surface and internal environment of each area meet the standards.
Dear customers,
We sincerely invite you to visit KLC's booth! KLC will participate in the Cleanroom Exhibition held in Türkiye from October 23 to 25, 2024.At this event, you will have the opportunity to experience our latest cleanroom technologies and solutions. During BIOEXPO, ANALYTECH,BIOTECNICA, and PHARMANEXT Exhibition will be held simultaneously, where you can have in-depth exchanges with industry experts and explore opportunities for future cooperation.
Our Booth: Rumeli 1 Hall 101/B
Time: October 23 - 25, 2024
Location: Istanbul Lutfi Kirdar Exhibition Halls Rumeli 1 Hall
We will be showcasing the latest products and technologies at the exhibition, including cleanroom design, equipment and materials, as well as our rich experience in the industry. Looking forward to seeing you at the exhibition and working together to create a better future.
Best wishes,
KLC Team
From September 4 to 7, 2024, the 14th Bangkok RHVAC, a biennial event, hold at the Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center. At that time, KLC presented HVAC series of Air filter and Equipment products at the exhibition.
The successful holding of the 2024 Bangkok RHVAC is not only a collision and integration of technical exchanges and cooperation, but also an in-depth exploration of future development trends. KLC is an air filter and air purification equipment enterprise intergrating R&D, production and sales to provide comprehensive and advanced clean air solutions and services for industries all over the world, and jointly promote the high-quality development of the refrigeration industry.
At the exhibition, KLC attracted the attention of many customers and partners with its innovative air filtration products and solutions. KLC business personnel combined on-site exhibits and video demonstrations to allow visitors to have a deep understanding of the application and installation of the filtration system.
The Bangkok RHVAC+E&E 2024 exhibition provides new opportunities for the future development of KLC. KLC will continue to be committed to technological innovation and market expansion to meet the growing needs of customers. We look forward to exploring the cutting-edge trends of the industry with more colleagues in the industry at future exhibitions, and jointly promoting progress in the field of HVAC! Thank you to all customers and partners who visited our booth, and thank you for your attention and trust in KLC.
We are honored to announce that KLC has officially joined NAFA. This important milestone marks KLC's further development and commitment in the air purification industry.
The National Air Filtration Association (NAFA) brings together air filter and component manufacturers, sales and service companies, and HVAC and indoor air quality companies.
NAFA’s mission is “To be The Global Source for Expertise, Education and Best Practices in Air Filtration.” NAFA strives for this goal by sourcing the best minds in air filtration to create substantial and influential education for the industry.
As a new member, KLC is looking forward to the opportunity to share experiences with more industry experts, obtain the latest air purification industry trends, and participate in a wider network in the future.
Joining NAFA is not only a recognition of our team's efforts, but also our commitment to provide customers with higher quality services. We look forward to further enhancing our professional capabilities and creating greater value for our customers through this platform.
Thank you to all our customers and partners who support us. In the future, we will continue to work hard and strive for excellence.
Cleanrooms are carefully designed, dedicated spaces with extremely low concentrations of airborne particles. Manufacturers of pharmaceuticals, electronic components, and other high-value, high-demand products produce and process them in cleanrooms to prevent contaminants from interfering with product performance. Airflow management plays a vital role in maintaining the efficient operation of cleanrooms, ensuring that air flows properly and cleanly, thereby protecting the integrity and reliability of the products.
01. Airflow Type
Airflow management professionals must choose among three types of airflow.
Unidirectional Systems
Unidirectional systems move air in one direction, usually vertically, but less often horizontally. Airflow moves when air from a FFU suspended from the ceiling blows into the exhaust system below. All inlets and outlets are arranged in parallel to ensure consistent airflow, minimizing the possibility of contaminants affecting the room.
Engineers must carefully design rooms to ensure the proper layout and reduce the possibility of insufficient airflow or turbulence, otherwise it will reduce the efficiency of equipment operation and thus reduce the effectiveness of contamination control. Using laminar airflow hoods in clean rooms can reduce turbulence. They are made of materials such as stainless steel and will not increase the number of particles in the environment due to shedding.
Inadequate airflow can cause dead zones or air pockets, where air moves too slowly and contaminants accumulate in them and may be transferred to critical equipment.
Non-unidirectional airflow management
While air in a unidirectional cleanroom setting flows in one direction, in rooms with non-unidirectional airflow management, air flows through multiple paths, some of which may include paths around objects. In addition, high turbulence, filtration, and circulation maintain the necessary cleanliness.
Non-unidirectional strategies often result in air forming vortex shapes, especially when clean air enters and mixes with existing air. While this involves filtration, air flow is also an important factor because its randomness and the amount of air passing through the filter prevent contaminants from exceeding safe levels.
Mixed
Some cleanrooms have critical areas (such as those associated with sensitive materials or components) where laminar flow hoods maintain unidirectional airflow. However, in the rest of the room, filters enable non-unidirectional airflow.
Engineers planning to design for mixed airflow should carefully study the user's situation and work tasks as well as other specific factors that affect the type and level of potential contaminants.
02. Airflow management depends on product requirements
Although people know the difference between these three airflow types, they must also choose the right airflow type based on the products produced in the environment. There are nine cleanroom cleanliness levels, each based on the level of particle contaminants allowed. Furthermore, each level is usually 10 times less than the level below.
For example, medical device and consumer electronics manufacturers most often choose Class 7 and Class 8 cleanrooms. Class 8 cleanrooms allow 100,000 particles per cubic meter of air, but the number allowed in a Class 7 environment is only 10,000.
Certain classes of cleanrooms also have specific must-have features. For example, cleanrooms of Class 7 or above must have a positive pressure inlet to stop particulate matter from spreading into the environment. In addition, all workers must enter a gowning room and wear necessary equipment before entering the controlled environment.
Once decision makers understand the specific cleanroom airflow requirements for their products, they should seriously consider using industrial monitoring equipment to verify that the environment is staying within the required parameters. It can also tell decision makers which production links will cause the most air quality challenges. This information can give them the information they need to take proactive action instead of facing a situation where contaminants are poorly controlled due to lack of awareness.
03. Industry conditions determine cleanroom airflow requirements
Those involved in maintaining proper cleanroom airflow must also understand industry details that may affect their work. For example, under the previous federal standard 209E framework, there were three fewer cleanroom classes. However, the United States and Canada now follow the requirements of ISO 14644-1. It expresses the decimal logarithm of particles 0.1 microns or larger per cubic meter of air. However, some cleanroom classes have additional details.
In a Class 7 cleanroom, the concentration of particles 0.5 microns or larger must be less than 352,000, and the number of particles 1-4 microns in the room must not exceed 83,200. The number of particles 5 microns and above must be less than 2,930.
Familiarity with specific industry standards and regulatory requirements is the best way to prioritize safety and prevent product recalls, fines, or other adverse consequences due to poor airflow management.
04. Technology can increase awareness and bring improvements
Airflow management professionals should also consider how technology can help them make strategic facility improvements. Monitoring sensors are great for day-to-day monitoring, but there are options that can help people make meaningful choices at other times.
Parties involved in the construction of a new plant or the upgrade of an existing one might use digital twin technology to test various options before finalizing a plan. This approach can avoid costly mistakes or incorrect assumptions about the type and location of filtration equipment or other details.
Or, people can conduct airflow visualization studies to verify that they are getting the desired results based on the cleanroom setup. These tests involve introducing smoke or fog into the environment perpendicular to the airflow. Auditors watch its movement to see if it stays or concentrates in specific areas. Related reports can tell managers whether their facilities are following airflow management best practices.
Exploring recent advances in cleanroom airflow is also valuable in showing people what’s possible. One example comes from a company whose solution does more than just keep the room within preset ventilation parameters. It makes real-time changes based on contamination fluctuations in the cleanroom. This approach saves money and reduces emissions by increasing ventilation in needed areas.
Maintaining proper cleanroom airflow is critical for production quality control, consumer safety, and compliance with regulatory requirements. People should understand the connections between changes in the facility that may affect airflow or contaminant levels and require specific actions to resolve the issue.
Present status of air filtration system in domestic pig farms
At present, domestic large-scale boar stations and original breeding pig farms are basically equipped with air filtration systems. Based on the fact that pig farm air filtration systems can keep the incidence of pigs in high-risk areas low, the industry has begun to pay attention to the air filtration epidemic prevention system.
Transmission routes of pathogens in animal husbandry
The main transmission routes are inter-field transmission and intra-field transmission. Almost all pathogens can be transmitted between fields through aerosols, mainly considering the pathogen load and meteorological conditions. As long as aerosols can be formed and are infectious, inter-field aerosol transmission can occur. Infection prevention is mainly to prevent inter-field transmission. Non-diffusion and detection and elimination are mainly to prevent intra-field transmission.
Viruses are transmitted in the form of vectors
Usually, the diameter of bioaerosol and dust particles is 0.3~5.0μm
SIV (swine influenza virus): 0.08μm-0.12μm
PRRSV (blue ear disease): 0.05μm-0.065μm
FMDV (oral disease virus): 0.022μm-0.03μm
PCV2 (porcine circovirus type I): 0.017μm-0.022μm
PRV (pseudorabies): 0.15μm-0.198μm
African swine fever: 0.175μm-0.2150μm
As can be seen from the above, the diameter of viruses is very small, but in general, viruses and bacterial pathogens can only be transmitted by attaching to carriers, mainly in the form of bioaerosols. The diameter of common dust particles or bioaerosols in nature is usually 0.3μm~5.0μm. Air filters can filter virus carriers, thereby playing a role in virus filtering.
Filtration principle
Air filters do not directly filter viruses or bacteria. What they actually filter are the transmission media of pathogens, namely dust particles or other aerosols. Pathogens themselves cannot spread through autonomous flight and need to be attached to a medium to spread. The diameter of this medium in nature is usually 0.3~1 micron, so air filters also filter these 0.3~1 micron particles to intercept bacteria-carrying particles.
At present, domestic large-scale pig farms are equipped with air filtration systems to filter particles attached with these viruses to reduce the risk of virus transmission.
Currently, common ventilation and filtration methods include negative pressure ventilation and filtration, positive pressure ventilation and filtration, and balanced ventilation and filtration. The choice of ventilation and filtration method depends on the level of air cleanliness required in the pig farm. At present, the negative pressure ventilation solution has good cooling effect and relatively economical energy consumption, which is adopted by most large-scale pig farms in China.
▶In the entire pig house air ventilation system, two or three layers of filters are installed on the outside of the air filter to clean the pig house production environment and isolate the invasion and cross infection of mosquitoes, flies and rats.
▶The boar house generally uses G4 coarse-effect filter + W-type high-efficiency air filter to form the main filter wall. The main filter wall blocks airborne pig farm pathogens, and the purification efficiency reaches L9. The long-term purification efficiency of 0.3μm aerosols or particles is greater than 95%.
▶The ceiling filter system is installed on the pig house ventilation window for ventilation of pig houses in low temperature seasons under negative pressure ventilation mode.
The electronic chip clean room is a special industrial building designed to effectively control key parameters such as air particle concentration, microbial count, temperature and humidity, air flow speed and air pressure in the workshop. The precise control of these conditions ensures the smooth progress of the production process and the high standard of product quality to meet the strict requirements of electronic chip manufacturing.
1. Equipment selection
1. Air treatment equipment
Air treatment equipment is one of the key factors in maintaining the cleanliness of the workshop. Its main function is to filter and purify pollutants in the workshop, and at the same time adjust parameters such as temperature, humidity and air pressure in the workshop to meet the requirements of production process and product quality.
2. Air shower room
The air shower room is an important equipment in the clean workshop, which is mainly used to remove dust, sterilize and purify personnel, materials and equipment entering the workshop. The electronic chip clean workshop should be equipped with an air shower room to reduce the entry of external dust, microorganisms and other pollutants into the workshop. The size and number of air shower rooms should be designed according to the actual situation of the workshop to ensure that it can meet the cleanliness requirements of the workshop.
3. Clean room dressing room
The clean room dressing room is an isolation area inside and outside the clean room. The staff needs to wear clean clothes, gloves, shoe covers and other protective equipment in this area to ensure that the personnel entering the clean room will not bring in external pollutants.
4. Air shower
The air shower is used to perform air showers on personnel entering the clean room to remove particles and bacteria that may be carried by the personnel and ensure the cleanliness of the workshop.
5. Air purifier
The air purifier can purify pollutants such as dust, bacteria, viruses, etc. in the workshop air to ensure the cleanliness of the workshop.
6. Temperature and humidity control system
The temperature and humidity control system can control parameters such as temperature, humidity and air pressure in the workshop to ensure that the workshop environment meets the requirements of production process and product quality.
2. HVAC system
1. Air conditioning system
The air conditioning system is the main HVAC equipment in the electronic chip clean workshop. Its function is to adjust parameters such as workshop temperature, humidity and air flow speed to maintain the cleanliness and comfort of the workshop.
2. Air supply system
The air supply system sends clean air from the air conditioning equipment into the workshop to form a relatively static air flow layer to maintain the cleanliness of the workshop.
3. Exhaust system
The exhaust system of the electronic chip clean workshop is one of the key equipment of the entire workshop. Its function is to exhaust pollutants in the workshop and maintain the cleanliness of the workshop.
At present, there are two main types of exhaust systems in the electronic chip clean workshop, namely local exhaust systems and global exhaust systems. The local exhaust system uses a single device to exhaust local process equipment, which can achieve higher air volume and static pressure, and is suitable for workshops with higher requirements for air cleanliness. The global exhaust system includes the entire workshop in the exhaust range, which is mainly used in occasions where the requirements for workshop temperature, humidity and cleanliness are not very high.
3. Decoration materials
When choosing decoration materials for electronic chip clean workshops, it is necessary to consider their impact on the clean environment, and also ensure that they have anti-static capabilities. It is recommended to choose anti-static floors, walls, ceilings and other materials.
For the corners of walls and floors, arc designs should be used to reduce dust accumulation.
4. Lighting design
In the lighting design of electronic chip clean workshops, lighting equipment with anti-static functions should be selected. It is recommended to use cold light sources or LED lamps to reduce heat radiation and heat dissipation. At the same time, it is also necessary to consider the uniformity and brightness of lighting to meet work needs.
5. Waste gas and wastewater treatment system
During the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, a large amount of waste gas and wastewater will be generated. In order to ensure the cleanliness of the environment and ecological protection, a corresponding waste gas and wastewater treatment system must be configured. The waste gas treatment system mainly includes the exhaust system and the tail gas treatment system, and the wastewater treatment system mainly includes the sewage collection, pretreatment and treatment system.
6. Pure water system
A large amount of pure water is required in the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, so a pure water system needs to be configured. The pure water system should include a pre-treatment system and a purification system to ensure that the supplied pure water can meet the production requirements of the workshop.
7. Gas supply system
A large amount of nitrogen, hydrogen and other gases are required in the production process of the electronic chip clean workshop, so a corresponding gas supply system needs to be configured. The gas supply system should include gas storage tanks, gas filtration, gas drying and other equipment to ensure the quality and stability of the supplied gas.
Dear customers and partners,
We sincerely invite you to attend the upcoming RHVAC 2024 exhibition in Bangkok! As a professional filter and cleanroom solution provider, we will showcase our latest air purification products to help you create a dust-free environment and improve the cleanliness of your workplace.
Exhibition information:
Date: 4-7 SEP 2024
Location: EH 98-100 BITEC,BANGKOK THAILAND
At this exhibition, we will show how to help various industries achieve stricter cleanliness standards through innovative and efficient filtration systems. We look forward to sharing our expertise with you and discussing how to provide customized solutions for your business.
Please arrange time to visit our booth and communicate with our team in depth. Looking forward to seeing you at the exhibition and moving towards a cleaner future together!
Best wishes
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2013 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 2010) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
Clean room pressure difference control is divided into 3 steps:
The first step is to determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the clean area;
The second step is to calculate the pressure difference air volume of each clean room in the clean area to maintain the pressure difference;
The third step is to take technical measures to ensure the pressure difference air volume of the clean room and maintain the constant pressure difference of the clean room.
1. Determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the clean area
According to the requirements of Article 6.2.1 and Article 6.2.2 of the "Clean Specification", a certain pressure difference must be maintained between the clean room and the surrounding space, and the positive or negative pressure difference should be maintained according to the production process requirements. The pressure difference between clean rooms of different levels and between clean areas and non-clean areas should not be less than 5 Pa, and the pressure difference between the clean area and the outdoors should not be less than 10 Pa.
① Pressure difference of each clean room in the same clean area
In actual engineering, to determine the pressure difference of each clean room in the same clean area, the pressure of each clean room can be compared with the clean area corridor, with the pressure value of the clean area corridor as the benchmark. Because the clean area corridor runs through each clean room, the pressure difference between each clean room and the clean area corridor is determined, and the pressure difference between the clean rooms is also determined. The pressure values of all clean rooms are based on the pressure value of the clean area corridor, so there will be no confusion between the pressure difference values. For example, in a solid preparation workshop, the positive pressure value of the clean area corridor can be determined to be 18 Pa (0 Pa outside the clean area); the crushing room and weighing room have serious dust dispersion, and are generally connected to the clean area corridor through the antechamber. In order to prevent the airflow with high dust content in the room from spreading to other rooms through the corridor, the positive pressure value of the crushing room and weighing room can be determined to be 12 Pa, and the positive pressure value of the antechamber can be determined to be 15 Pa. In this way, the crushing room and weighing room are at negative pressure relative to the antechamber, and the antechamber is at negative pressure relative to the clean area corridor. The airflow flows from the clean area corridor to the antechamber, and from the antechamber to the crushing room and weighing room. The clean and dry equipment storage room is used to store washed and dried equipment. To avoid contamination, the positive pressure value of the room can be determined to be 21 Pa to prevent the airflow from the corridor from flowing into the room.
② Pressure difference between clean areas of different levels
To determine the pressure difference between clean areas of different levels, you can first determine the positive pressure of the clean room with a low cleanliness level, and then increase the base of the positive pressure value in sequence to determine the positive pressure of the clean room with a high cleanliness level. For example, the water injection workshop contains a 100,000-level clean area, a 10,000-level clean area, and a partial 100-level clean area. The positive pressure value of the corridor of the 100,000-level clean area is 18 Pa, so it is necessary to increase the overall positive pressure value of the 10,000-level clean area. In short, there should be a positive pressure difference of no less than 5 Pa between the adjacent rooms of the 10,000-level clean area and the 100,000-level clean area. There are rooms in the 100-level clean area in the 100-level clean area. For this, just increase the positive pressure of the rooms in the 100-level clean area.
③ Pressure difference in clean areas in special cases
Some pharmaceutical production workshops, such as soft capsule production workshops, have clean rooms with different relative humidity in the same clean area. For this, the relatively dry clean room should be controlled to be positively pressurized relative to the adjacent clean room to prevent wet air from flowing into the dry clean room. The production plant of highly allergenic drugs such as penicillin, and clean rooms with drug powder exposure such as filling rooms should maintain a relative negative pressure.
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2001 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 1998) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
2. Determine the pressure differential air volume to maintain the pressure difference
The pressure differential air volume to maintain the positive pressure difference in each clean room in the clean area needs to be supplemented by outdoor fresh air. Therefore, the size of the positive pressure differential air volume in the clean room directly affects the fresh air ratio of the purification air conditioning system and the energy consumption of the purification air conditioning system. The pressure differential air volume to maintain the negative pressure difference in each clean room in the clean area penetrates into the clean room from the outside of the clean room. In many cases, it is the outdoor air that has not been purified. Therefore, the size of the negative pressure differential air volume in the clean room is directly related to the cleanliness of the negative pressure clean room. At present, the common methods for calculating the pressure differential air volume in the clean room are the gap method and the ventilation number method. The gap method is to estimate the pressure differential air volume of the clean room based on the total length of the gaps such as doors and windows in the clean room. However, in actual applications, the work of counting the number of gaps such as doors and windows is relatively cumbersome and prone to errors and omissions, and is currently less used. The ventilation number method is to estimate the pressure differential air volume of the clean room based on the number of ventilation times in the clean room. In actual engineering applications, this method has the advantages of simplicity, ease of operation, and high accuracy, and is a commonly used method. Article 6.2.3 of the Clean Specifications recommends the ventilation frequency method and proposes to select according to the following data: 1 to 2 times/hour when the pressure difference is 5 Pa, 2 to 4 times/hour when the pressure difference is 10 Pa. Other reference books also have recommended values, such as the Practical Heating and Air Conditioning Design Manual (hereinafter referred to as the Manual), which recommends 0.7 times/hour when the pressure difference is 4.9 Pa, and 1.2 times/hour when the pressure difference is 9.81 Pa. However, in actual applications, people have found that the data recommended by the Clean Specifications tend to be conservative, consume a large amount of pressure difference air volume, and are not economical; while the values recommended by the Manual are more appropriate. In actual projects, it is entirely possible to reduce the pressure difference air volume in the room by strengthening the air tightness of the clean room enclosure structure. According to the size of the pressure difference value of the clean room, the pressure difference should be selected according to the ventilation frequency of 1 to 2 times/hour.
The purpose of controlling the pressure difference of each clean room in a pharmaceutical factory is to ensure that when the clean room is working normally or the balance is temporarily disrupted, the air can flow from the area with high cleanliness to the area with low cleanliness, so that the cleanliness of the clean room is not disturbed by polluted air. Clean room pressure difference control is an important part of the design of the purification air conditioning system of the clean room of a pharmaceutical factory, and it is an important measure to ensure the cleanliness of the clean area. The clean room pressure difference control chapter of the "Clean Room Design Specification" GB50073-2001 (hereinafter referred to as the "Clean Specification") includes 5 contents, all of which are clauses for clean room pressure difference control. Article 16 of the "Good Manufacturing Practice for Pharmaceuticals" (revised in 1998) requires that the clean area must have a device to indicate the pressure difference.
3. Maintain constant pressure difference in clean rooms
The above-mentioned pressure difference value and pressure difference air volume in clean rooms are only theoretical values, which need to be realized by certain technical measures and facilities. In actual projects, there are many ways to control the pressure difference in clean rooms:
Under normal circumstances, there are many ways to adopt a constant air volume system, that is, first ensure that the clean room air supply volume is relatively constant, adjust the clean room return air volume or exhaust air volume, so as to control the clean room pressure difference air volume and maintain the clean room pressure difference value; you can also install a manual split multi-leaf regulating valve or butterfly valve on the clean room return (exhaust) air branch pipe to adjust the return (exhaust) air volume and control the indoor pressure difference. Its advantages are simple equipment and effectiveness.
The method of adjusting the pressure difference in the clean room during the commissioning of the air conditioning system has the disadvantage that when the pressure difference in the clean room deviates from the set value during the operation of the air conditioning system, it is more troublesome to adjust. This method is used in conjunction with other methods and is one of the common means of controlling the pressure difference in clean rooms in current projects.
Installing a damping layer (such as a single-layer non-woven fabric, stainless steel filter, aluminum alloy filter, nylon filter, etc.) at the return (exhaust) air outlet of the clean room can effectively ensure the positive pressure of the clean room, but the filter as the damping layer needs to be replaced frequently to prevent the positive pressure in the clean room from being too high.
Install a residual pressure valve on the partition wall of the adjacent room to control the positive pressure. Its advantages are simple and reliable equipment, and its disadvantages are that the residual pressure valve is relatively large in size, the ventilation volume is limited, it is not convenient to install, and it is not convenient to connect with the air duct, and it can only be installed in individual clean rooms.
Install an electric actuator system on the valve shaft of the return (exhaust) air branch regulating valve in the clean room, so as to form an electric regulating valve with the corresponding valve. According to the feedback of the clean room pressure difference value, fine-tune the valve opening, and automatically adjust the pressure difference in the clean room to return to the set value. This method is used to control the pressure difference in the clean room more reliably and accurately, and the control system cost is not high. It is widely used in engineering practice. The system can be installed on the return (exhaust) air branch regulating valve of the clean room or the typical clean room that needs to display the pressure difference.
Install Venturi air volume control valves on the air supply branch and return (exhaust) branch in the clean room. There are three types of Venturi valves: fixed air volume valves, which can provide stable air flow; bistable valves, which can provide two different air flow rates, namely maximum and minimum flow rates; variable air volume valves, which can control the air flow rate through closed-loop response to instructions and flow feedback signals in less than 1 second. Venturi valves are not affected by changes in duct pressure, have rapid responses (less than 1 second), and are precisely adjusted, but the equipment is relatively expensive and is suitable for use in some biological product production plants that require negative pressure control, toxic and biosafety laboratories (such as P3 biological laboratories), and other places. Because personal safety issues must be considered, the system pressure differential control must be high-precision and highly reliable. In this regard, by using constant air volume valves and bistable valves, the supply and exhaust air volumes of the clean room (or laboratory) can be strictly controlled, thereby forming a stable pressure differential air volume and controlling the pressure differential of the clean room (or laboratory) to be stable; using variable air volume valves to regulate the room so that the flow rate of the supply air duct valve tracks the flow rate of the exhaust air duct valve, a stable pressure differential air volume can be formed and the pressure differential of the clean room (or laboratory) can be controlled to be stable.
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